Diversification of Social Protection Financing Sources: An International Comparative Analysis and Policy Implications for Uzbekistan

This article examines the diversification of social protection financing sources and its implications for the financial sustainability of social protection systems, with particular emphasis on Uzbekistan. The study analyzes the roles of general government revenues, social security contributions, earmarked revenues, private financing, and supplementary external sources. Using comparative, structural, institutional, and document-based analysis, the research identifies differences in financing arrangements and explores relevant international practices. The article also outlines policy directions for broadening Uzbekistan’s social protection financing base while preserving fiscal sustainability and institutional coherence.