Assessment of Water Characteristics in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and Identification of the Appropriate Treatment Method base on Population Densities

In Iraq, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are the primary freshwater sources, which are becoming endangered due to population growth, urbanization, industrial effluents, agricultural run-off and climate change. These have greatly affected river physical, chemical and biological qualities, particularly in high population density areas. The purpose of this review is to evaluate water quality characteristics of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and determine most proper treatment methods based on the population densities and pollution levels. However, recent studies have shown that salinity, nutrient, heavy metal, organic contaminant, and microbial contamination levels are increased in several areas of both rivers, particularly in the downstream urban areas. Water Quality Index and statistical analyses are also emphasised as important tools to assess river-water quality and pollution sources. Conventional treatment technologies can be used at low to moderate levels of contamination while advanced treatment technologies (such as reverse osmosis and membrane filtration) work best in highly populated areas with high levels of contamination. The research highlights the need of sustainable water management strategies and enhancing wastewater treatment facilities to safeguard Iraq's precious water resources.